Authors: Zissis Samaras, Marcus Rieker, Eleni Papaioannou, Willem F. van Dorp, Marina K. Kousoulidou, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Jon Andersson, Alexander Bergmann, Stefan Hausberger, Jorma Keskinen, Panu Karjalainen, Sampsa Martikainen, Athanasios Mamakos, Christoph Haisch, Anastasios Kontses, Zisimos Toumasatos, Lukas Landl, Markus Bainschab, Tero Lähde, Oriana Piacenza, Philipp Kreutziger, Amit Bhave, Kok Foong Lee, Jethro Akroyd, Markus Kraft*, Mohsen Kazemimanesh, Adam M. Boies, Cristian Focsa, Dumitru Duca, Yvain Carpentier, Claire Pirim, Jennifer A. Noble, Ophélie Lancry, Sébastien Legendre, Torsten Tritscher, Jürgen Spielvogel, Hans-Georg Horn, Antonio Pérez, Susanna Paz, Dimitrios Zarvalis, Anastasios Melas, Penelope Baltzopoulou, Nickolas D. Vlachos, Leonidas Chasapidis, Danis Deloglou, Emmanouil Daskalos, Apostolos Tsakis, Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Stéphane Zinola, Silvana Di Iorio, Francesco Catapano, Bianca M. Vaglieco, Heinz Burtscher, Giovanna Nicol, Daoíz Zamora, and Maurizio Maggiore

• Sub-23 nm particle measurement devices have been developed.
• Tests show that solid particles of 10 nm and larger can be reliably counted.
• Sub-23 nm particles are mainly generated at engine start and during acceleration.
• The chemical composition of sub-23 nm particles is size-dependent.

Concerns regarding noxious emissions from internal combustion engines have increased over the years. There is a strong need to understand the nature of sub-23 nm particles and to develop measurement techniques to evaluate the feasibility of new regulations for particle number emissions in the sub-23 nm region (down to at least 10 nm).

This paper presents the results of three EU-funded projects (DownToTen, PEMs4Nano and SUREAL-23) which supported the understanding, measurement and regulation of particle emissions below 23 nm and have successfully developed sub-23 nm particle measurement devices, specifically laboratory systems and mobile devices for RDE tests. The new technology was validated in chassis dyno tests and on the real road. The results show that sub-23 nm particles are mainly generated at the engine start and during acceleration phases. The innovations show that the technology is mature and robust enough to serve as a basis for regulating sub-23 nm particles.

• Access the article at the publisher: DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.105957

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